血浆置换治疗重型肝炎42例

目的:探讨应用血浆置换治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效及不良反应.方法:我院住院的重型肝炎患者42例,在内科治疗效果不佳时,给予血浆置换治疗.观察患者三次治疗前后的临床症状、体征和肝肾功能、电解质、凝血功能的变化.结果:42例患者经血浆置换治疗后,临床症状及体征均有明显改善,肝功能有明显好转.三次治疗后与治疗前相比,ALB、CHE显著升高,而ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TBA、TBIL明显下降,均有显著性差异,血NH3 第3次和第1次治疗前比较明显下降,有显著性差异(49.00±12.03 VS 69.96±34.87,P＜0.05).血电解质变化不大,凝血功能有所改善,肾功能有轻微下降,但均无显著性差异.结论:应用血浆置换治疗重症肝炎,可以广泛迅速地清除肝衰竭患者体内的多种毒素,同时补充肝功能不全患者所缺乏的多种生物活性物质,改善机体内环境和肝功能,防治并发症,降低病死率,改善预后.     

内镜下经皮胃造瘘对老年患者生活质量的影响

目的:评价内镜下经皮胃造瘘(PEG)在老年患者的应用、安全性及对生活质量的影响.方法:对32例PEG老年患者进行回顾性分析,采用同组对照的方法比较PEG与鼻胃管饲对患者的影响.结果:32例老年患者均在局麻下成功进行了PEG,仅1例发生造瘘口周围皮肤感染,抗生素治疗后短期内恢复.PEG较鼻胃管饲患者更易于接受,导管不易堵塞,能降低吸入性肺炎及反流性食管炎(15.6% vs 46.8%,P＜0.05)的发生率,提高生活质量.结论:PEG是一种安全有效的治疗方法,较鼻胃管饲能明显降低吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎的发生率.     

抗体库优化策略对特异性抗肝癌单链抗体的人源化

目的:对特异性抗肝癌单链抗体(single chain variable fragment,scFv)DM同步进行人源化和优化,以获得亲和力高和免疫原性低的人源化抗肝癌单链抗体.方法:通过分子结构和序列分析,确定对抗原结合位点的构象有重要影响的骨架区(FR)残基,把难以判断回复突变残基的人、鼠源副本同时编入人源化抗体序列中;通过重叠延伸PCR技术合成人源化抗体全基因,利用噬茵体展示技术构建人源化组合抗体库;通过肝癌细胞筛选阳性克隆,ELISA方法测定各个克隆抗原结合活性;用硫氰酸盐洗脱法测定并比较亲本抗体和人源化scFv的相对亲和力.结果:成功构建人源化组合抗体库,实际库容4.77×10 5,包含由2 5不同重链和2 2不同轻链组成的128种人源化DM;经过筛淘及ELISA鉴定,获得HDM1、HDM2和HDM3 3个阳性克隆,相对亲和力指数分别为HDM1 1.6 mol/L、HDM2 1.2 mol/L和HDM3 2.2 mol/L.结论:抗体库优化法是一个高效、简便的人源化方法;获得的3株阳性克隆HDM1、HDM2、HDM3与亲本抗体DM同样具有良好的抗原结合特异性和较高的亲和力.     

Analysis of clinical effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound on liver cancer

AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the treatment of patients with liver cancer. METHODS: HIFU treatment was performed in 100 patients with liver cancer under general anesthesia and by a targeted ultrasound. Evaluation of efficacy was made on the basis of clinical symptoms, liver function tests, AFP, MRI or CT before and after the treatment. RESULTS: After HIFU treatment, clinical symptoms were relieved in 86.6%(71/82) of patients. The ascites disappeared in 6 patients. ALT (95+/-44) U/L and AST (114+/-58) U/L before HIFU treatment were reduced to normal in 83.3%(30/36) and 72.9%(35/48) patients, respectively, after the treatment. AFP was lowered by more than 50% in 65.3%(32/49) patients. After HIFU treatment, MRI or CT findings indicated coagulation necrosis and blood supply reduction or disappearance of tumor in the target region. CONCLUSION: HIFU can efficiently treat the patients with liver cancer. It will offer a significant noninvasive therapy for local treatment of liver tumor.     

恶性疟原虫DNA探针检测血内恶性疟原虫的初步研究

从培养恶性疟原虫(Fcc-1)中分离纯化基因组DNA,用~(32)P标记,作为探针,按DNA斑点杂交法,检测血样。结果表明:该探针可检出9个恶性疟原虫感染红细胞/10_6红细胞;在现场应用时,与13例恶性疟阳性标本镜检符合率为92％:与1例间日疟原虫病例和正常人血、白细胞之间,未发现非特异性杂交。     

呼吸道表皮葡萄球菌的分离、药敏及其意义

目的了解下呼吸道感染中表皮葡萄球菌药物敏感性及其临床意义。方法（１）对１９９０年～１９９６年间普通病房下呼吸道感染住院患者的合格痰标本进行培养、分离鉴定，研究表皮葡萄球菌分离率；（２）以纸片（ＫＢ）法或琼脂稀释法测定分离表皮葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的药物敏感性。结果（１）６２２８份痰标本中分离到细菌２６６０株，其中表皮葡萄球菌２５７株占９．７％，表皮葡萄球菌分离率为４．１％，在各病原菌中占第４位；（２）对２１种抗生素的药敏测定发现，除万古霉素外，表皮葡萄球菌对其它各抗生素均有耐药，耐药率在１５．２％～９８．１％，并存在多重耐药，其中亚胺培南、头孢噻吩、头孢哌酮为较敏感抗生素，耐药率分别为１７．１％、１８．７％和３０．０％，其它各抗生素的耐药率均在４８．３％以上，部分在８０％以上。结论表皮葡萄球菌在下呼吸道感染时分离率高，耐药性强，存在多重耐药，应引起重视。     

骨髓干细胞在肝纤维化中的作用

近年来,对骨髓干细胞向肝细胞分化,并对肝纤维化的治疗作用的研究日益增多.随着研究的不断深入有研究者也对这个观点提出反对意见,认为骨髓干细胞没有这种能力,同时还有一些研究者提出骨髓干细胞可以分化成为星状细胞或者成纤维细胞,从而参与肝纤维化的发生.本文将骨髓干细胞在肝纤维化中的作用作一阐述.     

Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver among administrative officers in Shanghai： an epidemiological survey

AIM: To determine the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver in a specific population in Shanghai by an epidemiological survey, and to analyze risk factors of fatty liver.METHODS: Total 4009 administrative officers who denied regular alcohol drinking participated in the survey, and underwent physical examination and laboratory tests. The important parameters were body mass index (BMI), waist hip circumferences ratio (WHR) and levels of serum lipids.Diagnosis of fatty liver was based on established real-time ultrasonographic criteria, the presence of an ultrasonographic pattern consistent with “bright liver”, with evident ultrasonographic contrast between hepatic and renal parenchyma, vessel blurring, and narrowing of the lumen of the hepatic veins. Analysis of data was performed through SPSS for Windows statistical package.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of fatty liver was 12.9%,15.8% in males and 7.5% in females, and the prevalence of fatty liver in males younger than 50 years old, was significantly higher (13.3%) than that of in females (2.7%).But the difference between the sexes became less significant in people older than 50 years (19.1% vs 18.1%). Theprevalence of fatty liver was increased with age; this was markedly presented in females younger than 50 years.Multiple variant regression analysis demonstrated that the prevalence of fatty liver was positively correlated to several risk factors, including male, aging (>50yr), hyperlipidemia,impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes mellitus, hypertension and overweight/obesity.CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver among certain population in Shanghai, to which overweight and hyperlipidemia are closely relevant.     

Dynamic changes of GAD65 autoantibody epitope specificities in individuals at risk of developing type 1 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis Progression to type 1 diabetes is associated with intramolecular epitope spreading to disease-specific antibody epitopes located in the middle region of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65).Methods The relationship between intramolecular epitope spreading of autoantibodies specific to GAD65 in relation to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes was tested in 22 high-risk individuals and 38 low-risk individuals. We determined the conformational epitopes in this longitudinal study by means of competition experiments using recombinant Fab of four GAD65-specific monoclonal antibodies.Results Sera from high-risk children in the preclinical stage recognise a specific combination of GAD65 antibody epitopes located in the middle and the C-terminus of GAD65. High risk of progressing to disease is associated with the emergence of antibodies specific for conformational epitopes at the N-terminus and the middle region. Binding to already established antibody epitopes located in the middle and at the N-terminus increases and shows a significant relation (p=0.005) with HLA, which confers risk of developing diabetes.Conclusions/interpretation In type 1 diabetes, GAD65 antibodies are initially generated against the middle and C-terminal regions of GAD65. In genetically predisposed subjects the autoimmune response may then undergo intramolecular epitope spreading towards epitopes on the N-terminus and further epitopes located in the middle. These findings clearly demonstrate that the GAD65 autoantibody response in the preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes is dynamic and related to the HLA genotypes that confer risk of diabetes. GAD65-specific Fab should prove useful in predicting progression from islet autoimmunity to clinical onset of type 1 diabetes.